Rare Earth Elements, often called the “vitamins of modern industry”, are indispensable to electric vehicles, wind turbines, precision-guided munitions, and communication systems, yet are controlled at nearly every stage of the supply chain by a single power. This book examines how China built a near-monopoly over the mining, refining, and magnet manufacturing of the seventeen rare earth elements, and what the United States, Russia, Australia, Japan, India, and Brazil are doing to contest it. The book brings together geology, industrial economics, trade law, and international relations to understand the changing global supply chain dynamics. Across four parts, it covers the scientific and industrial foundations of rare earths, the strategies of major powers, the roles of emerging players, and a future roadmap with policy recommendations. It offers policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers a strategic lens on rare earth industry and its value chain.

Contents Preface Acknowledgements Tables and Figures Abbreviations PART–I: The Strategic Imperative of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) PART–II: Major Powers and Their Strategies 3. From Dominance to Dependency: The US’ Rare Earth Dilemma 4. China: The Dominant Power, But Struggling? 5. Russian Rare Earth Industry: High Reserve, Low Production? 6. Australia’s Rare Earth Highway: A Race to Resilience or Dominance? PART–III: Emerging Players 7. Japan’s Rare Earth Recycling Potential 8. Future of Indian Rare Earth Industry: Potential and Challenges 9. Brazil’s Reserve Strength: Geology, Geopolitics, and the Long Road to Production PART–IV: The Future of REEs and Policy Recommendations 10. The Strategic Horizon: Securing the Future of Rare Earth Elements

Index